The art of succeeding in Science
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The purpose of science is to learn about the natural world, and the vast realm of science can be roughly broken down into a few major categories: biology, covering living organisms; chemistry, which studies the interaction and properties of substances; and physics, which studies the essence of matter and the laws that govern it. To study the world, scientists try hard to minimize or avoid any hint of bias that might skew data or results.
The keystone to the world of science is the scientific method, the steps that scientists take in order to make predictions about the natural world and test them against data that can be observed. This method helps to avoid bias by requiring that new ideas have evidence to support them. The scientific method has four steps:
1. Observation and description of a phenomenon or group of phenomena.
2. Formulation of a hypothesis to explain the phenomena.
3. Use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena, or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations.
4. Performance of experimental tests of the predictions by several independent experimenters and properly performed experiments. [1]
This is sometimes expressed as a five-part method:
1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Conclusion
5. Replication
The importance of replication shouldn’t be overstated. For a hypothesis to accepted, the experiment used to prove it must yield the same results no matter who tries it. Scientists who claimed to have discovered cold fusion failed on that count in the 1980s when no one else could replicate their experiment.
Science can tell us much about our world and how it works, but science is not a set of fixed laws that are always “true.” Instead, science is a body of theory that explains observations. Because of this, science constantly revises its theories and conclusions in the face of new evidence, making it the most powerful way of knowing on earth. If we observe something that does not fit into current theory, like when Einstein’s experiments observed the effects of relativity, the accepted theory must change to accommodate observations or be replaced by a new theory that better explains observations.
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[1] “Introduction to the Scientific Method,” University of Rochester, <http://teacher.pas.rochester.edu/phy_labs/AppendixE/AppendixE.html> (19 September 2006).
